"https://noeticcenter.tripod.com/"

"https://noeticcenter.tripod.com/periodictableofpersonalities/"periodictableofpersonalities/

Philip P.Benjamin, PhD
mailto:medinuclear@hotmail.com                     

MATERIALISM EXTRAORDINAIRE

                                    PHILIP BENJAMIN PhD

Abstract

Reality is not a mere mathematical function or a metaphysical process. The fundamental objects that populate the real world and their complexities, do last through time. These enduring objects of our subjectivity are not mere patterns of chronological events stored in the transient electro-magnetic realm of neurons and their correlates. However, the composite of stable patterns emerging from sequential processes in the ordinary matter and its wave forms, has only an appearance of permanence, offering an idealist speculation that the reality of mind is a derivative of this apparent constancy. They must be backed up (piggybacked) by parallel, permanent, non-electromagnetic components that will provide the real intransience, to justify fully the basic claims of substance ontology. If dark matter particles (axions) are as diverse, and reactive via gravitons and spin, as are electrons, protons and neutrons are through charge and spin, then a dynamic unity of ordinary matter structures in resonance with those of the parallel dark-matter will offer a logical explicatory framework for mind and mental phenomena, as the reality beyond the ordinary atomic elements. The wave-like properties of dark macro-bodies are significant, since they have relatively negligible masses. Genetics encoded on both dark and luminous bio-systems will naturally select and govern the bonding of dark particles. Mental activity is no more to be perceived as a mystical process. An invisible material substance makes the difference between mind and body, consummating physical reality. That calls for an extraordinary materialism.

Introduction

For too long, Science had to sideline consciousness because even a pragmatic definition of mind is unrealistic from the perspective of its ordinary materialist premises. Serious research into human consciousness has now become conventional, with many well known publications and forums including print journals (Consciousness and Cognition, and Journal of Consciousness Studies, Noetic Journal). The Center for Consciousness Studies at the University of Arizona in Tucson, USA, is the trail-blazer, with its large international semi-annual conferences since 1994. Parapsychology, Transpersonal Psychology, Consciousness and Experiential Psychology etc are common features in major psychology journals, since the 1990’s. Studies on the relationship of consciousness to the humanities including theatre, fine arts, media arts and literature are also current.

Materialism is a form of realism which assumes that a mind independent reality exists. Or, the world is really autonomous of the knowing subject, and everything that exists is material and self-caused. All phenomena including those of the mind and consciousness, are ultimately reducible to the motions of ordinary matter. According to Moser & Trout, (1995) materialism is now a major ontology for philosophers and scientists. A materialist view is a holistic approach related to systems theory. Even the concept of information itself is understood from a materialist perspective (Hjørland, 2002; Karpatschof, 2000). Materialistic reductionism ignores all aspects of consciousness other than its input to behavior. Eliminativism considers thinking and feeling as mere theoretical or speculative concepts. A robot with exact human behaviors is human. There are no mental states and no intentionality. Mind is passé. It is a human concept with no hard scientific basis. Supervenience and emergence make the mind a neuronal epiphenomenon. The Identity Theory identifies the mind with a complex neural structures. Stimuli cause brain states which lead to behavioral responses (Armstrong,1968; Smart, 1963). It specifies mental states as dispositions. The materialist may accept the irreducibility of mind, but claim that its relationship to ordinary matter is more than mere causal dependence.

Quantum physics as understood today contradicts this materialistic notion of an objective world existing independent of observation. The basic problem in quantum theory is this: If some system S is fully defined to be in state S₀ at time t₀, then what is the probability of specifying S to be in state S₁, at time t_1, immediately after t₀? In Newtonian physics the predicted probability is unity or zero depending on whether S_{1 =} S₀ or not. But quantum theory treats this as a solution to a statistical equation describing S, and gives an answer that usually is neither unity nor zero, but infinite odds in between. The key issue, is the origin and significance of our subjectivity that chooses a preferred course of observation (measurement) of S. These subjective judgments are supposedly allowed by quantum theory to have the effects that they seem to make, and are attributed to a mental realm. Thus the theory is interpreted to make experience ontologically fundamental, while retaining intact all its mathematical and logical structures including statistical uncertainties.

The ontology of ordinary materialism rests upon the impression that the actual world that physically exists, can be explained in terms of the ordinary subatomic units of matter. Such extrapolations are futile so far. Perhaps, the omission of an extraordinary material realm, such as Dark Matter may be the key factor contributing to this impasse. Evidence for the existence of dark matter is abounding in theoretical physics and astrophysical calculations. Philosophy as the art of making distinctions between differences, must distinguish materialism based on ordinary matter from that which includes possibly extraordinary matter also. Hu, et al, (2000) and Jerome http://go.to/QUFD indicate diversity of axions. That suggests the feasibility of dark chemistry, possibly based on gravitons and spin, similar to charge and spin in ordinary chemistry.

Then Self-consciousness or awareness of awareness, further adds to the mystery. If neural correlates cause awareness, there must be neural correlates of neural correlates to cause self-awareness; likewise for supervenience and emergence. Ordinary materialistic universe cannot have two physico-chemical worlds which are exactly identical, except for some new detail. A mental state M must be a real physical state P, if M were to couple to a material state S. Since M is invisible, P must also be invisible. Dark Matter could be the likely physical realm for P. That calls for an extraordinary materialism, yet physical.

Ordinary Materialism

Actual particles of physics as the final reality constitute the basis of classical materialism. It ought to be redefined as ordinary materialism, if a parallel all pervading dark-mater realm of particles also exists, with its own binding/bonding capacities and chemistries. Ordinary materialism can only conclude that, in the final analysis, our intellect is most probably encoded in electrons and photons at quantum level in a thermodynamic setting. Theoretically speaking, it takes only one electron to remember everything on a computer hard disk, if that information is phase-encoded in its fundamental modes of oscillation. Ahn, Weinacht and Bucks Baum (2000) from the University of Michigan were the first to demonstrate experimentally on a small scale, that information can indeed be phase-encoded in electrons using photons (light).The theoretical storage capacity of a single electron, or even a single photon of light, is phenomenal, even though the actual encoding and retrieving of the information using the technology is not available today (Meyer, D.A. et al 2000). A large number of backup copies can be made by encoding every electron, every photon and every other elementary natural oscillation. The discrete phase-encoding spread among many natural forms of oscillation over a wide frequency spectrum seems an attractive possibility. Ricciardi and Umezawa (1967) used quantum field theory to describe brain states, specifically the memory states They treated memory states as inequivalent representations of vacuum states of quantum fields, as in in the states of many-particle systems [10]. Stuart et al.(1978, 1979), Jibu and Yasue (1995) refined these proposals. Vitiello (1995), Pessa and Vitiello (2003) included effects of dissipation, chaos, and quantum noise. Vitiello (2001, 2002) give clear non-technical reports of current versions of this approach.

Ordinary materialism attempts to identify intentional conscious acts with physical state reductions (of matter waves into particles). The wave function does correspond to a physical reality, but not the reality itself. It is an unproven and un-falsifiable presumption that consciousness causes collapse of a mathematical construct called wave function. The next assumption is that this very same collapse of wave function causes a moment of consciousness. That is circular reasoning. A series of these moments of collapse is supposed to form a stream of consciousness. Then, panpsychism automatically follows, because these processes are universally applicable to all particles and their supposed precursor waves. Pantheism and cosmic consciousness follow. This is quantum interpretations and mysticism, not quantum mechanics. Consciousness does not cause collapse of anything, anymore than the name Katrina causes hurricanes!

Quantification of a property of matter by an equation, does not give that property itself the status of an independent physical entity. Chance, chaos, entropy, temperature, volume of sound, intensity of light, form etc are quantifiable qualities pertaining to matter. But, none of these ‘qualities’ has an independent ontological existence. At certain dimensions of its "real" existence, matter behaves like waves. This specific wave like property has no independent existence at any time, apart from the particulate matter at its fundamental level of existence. So much so, David Bohm (1990) theorizes the simultaneous existence of both particle and its wave. Consciousness has as much to do with matter waves, as the cock-crowing does for the dawn! These notions constitute no testable theory.
A thin gold foil can be easily put through a narrow slit, but the same foil when rolled up into a ball will not go through. It is not CONSCIOUSNESS of the handler which makes the difference, but the measurable “real” malleability and ductility of gold that do it. These properties do not hover over gold as independent entities. The success of quantum mechanics is not because some consciousness-driven ubiquitous waves of matter float in space, but because matter has measurable wave like properties at its fundamental level of existence. Attributing a separate metaphysical existence to the invisible so called matter-waves (i.e. wave-like properties of matter) is not warranted. In the brain, there are only fundamental particles of matter chemically and physically bound to form macro aggregates, no free drifting matter-waves to accommodate the notion of quantum mind.

In the limit of a universal symmetry breaking at the psychophysically neutral level, every system must have both a mental and a material aspect; and since quantum phenomena are universal, everything must be mental, be it animate or inanimate. Then rocks, plants and animals must have equally demonstrable consciousness as in humans. Egalitarian panpsychism becomes the natural order (Skrbina, 2003). Then, how can panpsychism account for qualitative and quantitative differences between plant, animal, and human awareness, as well as the distinctions between different levels of human mental activities- conscious, self-conscious and unconscious? Awareness is not the same as self-awareness.

Matter-waves and their superposition are just concepts of properties of particles, which become measurable at certain minimum dimensions of their real existence. But it is matter with mass which behaves like waves. This leads to befuddling measurement problems, since these behave both as particles and waves depending on the method of observation! Consciousness has as much to do with it, as the cock-crowing does for the dawn! Attributing a separate metaphysical existence to the so called matter-waves (which are only wave-like properties of matter) is unreal. In the brain, various fundamental particles of matter are chemically and physically bound to form macro aggregates. There are no free, drifting matter-waves in neurons and synapses of the brain. The electromagnetic fields permeating neurons and synapses consist of real and virtual photons, in their wave states, and each being a disturbance in the photon field with no extra-physical mental properties. Even if they are atavistically mental, how can mind be stable and enable an immense density of information storage, in the constant flux of particles recycling in the living cells, sometimes within minutes? The non-electric dark matter particles can stay put. A living cell is a totality that cannot be fully and completely known by studying all its differentiating and integrating processes. It may reproduce itself, or be given birth solely by some other living cell. There is no spontaneous generation of sentience, nor can an artificial living cell be produced by integrating the information obtained from knowing the differentiating processes of a natural living cell. Unlike rebuilding a disassembled mechanical motor, a living cell cannot be rebuilt from its elementary parts. Neurons are not universal cells for information processing that gives rise to subjective feelings and self-awareness. Otherwise, all animals must be conscious as humans. Especially so, since all animals from bacteria to humans possess the same or closely similar genetic molecular structures as well as control and regulatory mechanisms for their organ-functions including the brain. In humans, there is no quantitative correlations of mental capacities and performances with the number of neurons (size of brain), if they are required to produce subjective conscious experience. Consciousness is a unity. The brain is not one complex computer made of simpler (differentiated) computers/neurons organized (integrated) into a single network system. Every neuron is a holistic totality, and so also is the neural network. It is one whole totality of totalities, each with its own differentiations and integrations. Beck and Eccles (1990, 1992) and Beck (2001) give precise mechanisms of information transfer at the synaptic cleft. However, the problem of the activity of single synapses entering into the dynamics of neural assemblies persist, and fails to elucidate mental causation by quantum processes.

Even if a spectrum of consciousness exists across all complexities, it still offers no explanation of how these unconscious chaotic elemental-waves will or can produce the wholesome consciousness we enjoy. Why should neural correlates correlate into consciousness? Why should processes process into thoughts? Why should supervenience or emergence be conscious? Self consciousness require another layer of these same processes. To make sense, the universe itself must be alive to begin with, a notion cherished by Vedic fakirs and modern shamans. [Incidentally, when such primitive ideas of fakirs and shamans were reckoned as science, it was attributed to their widely known use of mind altering natural products, known as mind expanding drugs which became trendy as a fast way to knowledge power, opening only the psychedelic doors of fantasy].

Natural science claims that most, if not all, phenomena are intelligible in material terms. Mind is an exception. Consciousness or subjective experience, and the intentionality of thought which is the property of being about something beyond itself (aboutness), seem not to be physical in the ordinary sense. At the fundamental level of existence, Science depicts the world as made of quantum units of space-time which is the abode of everything, matter-waves which are wave-like energy-packets, and force-energy which assigns matter-waves their place in space-time. This is the quantum trinity. It is also believed that the space is filled with dark energy, and Higgs bosons which give to massive particles their mass and thus gravity. In this material milieu exists a tri-level sentience of plants, animals and humans. Science has to reckon Human mind as an invisible but very active stuff of human life, an integral part of another triune system of sensory somatic apparatus (sensorium), intelligence machine (mind) and consciousness mechanism (awareness/self-awareness), a holistic shell of vibrant loops within loops.

Quantum theory may play a role in explaining the relationship of consciousness to brain (Eccles, 1986). The patterns of electrical activity in brain create a model of a computer-self in the world of our existence. But, why consciousness exists at all and why is it ostensibly a permanent unity? If dark matter is included, possibly quantum theory may slowly reveal some of these profound mysteries, without mystical misapplications. Bonding and Interaction of Particles

Why do matter particles interact at all? It is still a fiddly question that beset science. The puzzle is that things interact without touching! At the macro level, there is action (gravity) at a distance, even galaxies apart, without contact. The sun attracts the earth and the other planets. Two magnets (substances with a certain precise alignments of electron configurations) attract or repel as if they "sense" each other's presence. All that is available here is substance. Calling these forces as "gravity" and "magnetism," is begging the question. Gravity does not vanish when mass turns to energy. In fact, gravitation does not depend directly on mass, it acts through the energy (and momentum) of the matter involved. If the matter changes in some way to reduce its rest mass, this would have no long range effect on the gravitational field, because there is no net change in energy of the gravitating matter. It is generally the total energy (rest energy plus kinetic energy etc.) that is important for gravity, whether the particle in question has a rest mass or not. Gravity bends light rays (beams of photons). It acts on everything, including space itself! What causes it is simply unknown. Quantum gravity is yet another mystery. So is dark energy.

Physics does not know what these forces are. It can only say that at the fundamental level, a force is a thing which is passed between two particles. Winkler, K. et al. (2006), report that atom pairs can also bind together even through repulsive, rather than attractive, forces. This basically alters the molecular concept. Intuitively, a bound system of atoms implies an attractive force between them. However, to reach an equilibrium configuration, a repulsive force must balance the attraction. Otherwise the system would easily collapse. In the quantum world, attraction is not even needed to form a stable bound system. Repulsion can also effect a stable binding in the presence of a periodic spatial perturbation, where the energy cannot vary continuously, but is restricted to specific values. In order to conserve energy, repulsion between a pair of particles can lead to stable binding, if nonbinding would lead the two isolated atoms to have energies in a forbidden range (Bloch 2005, Feshbach 1958 and Fallani et al. 2006).

Substance reality of the ordinary materialism, is a continuum of relational interactions. Chemical Bond is crucial for formation of complex bimolecular and all entities beyond the atomic structure. At the micro level, protons are held together with enormously strong nuclear forces within the submicroscopic nucleus, though like charges must repel on contact. Indeed they do repel outside the nuclear potential well. At the atomic and molecular level, electrons are held together in pairs in their orbitals around the nucleus, though we expect them to strongly repel each other. Electric charges alone cannot account for chemical bonding, stable electron configurations (periodicity of elements) is also a key factor. Mendeleev’s chemical periodicity of elements, a law of nature, is not defined by a simple numerical relationship, or nomological formulae. Chemists attribute stability of atoms and molecules to duet and octet electron configurations, extrapolated from the empirical observation that the noble gases (rare gases) of the last group of the periodic table are the most stable elements. The number of electrons in their outer shells, 2 for helium, and 8 for the rest, complete the shells. Generally, atoms with incomplete outer electron shells are reactive. They contribute or share electrons between them resulting in the stable duet or octet configurations of the noble gases.

Quantum Mechanics is not in conflict with the chemical model of a molecule as a rigid structure of nuclei held together by shared electrons. The electron shells are only the quantum energy levels of electrons within each atom. The distribution of electrons within an energy level forms the electron clouds, or the atomic orbitals . An atomic orbital has a determined form and orientation, and can maximally contain two electrons, each in a different spin state, up or down. These two electron waves 'mix' in a way that yields the lowest energy. The atom itself strives for a totally saturated outer octet or duet shell, because this is a very stable state (inert Noble Gas configurations). Quantum chemistry gives an almost full account of how atoms combine into molecules (and molecular ions). The theorem is only an approximation due to special quantum effects, particularly in excited states, for instance vibrational coupling that involves transitions between two structures. Energy states and electron configuration determine the way atoms can form bonds with each other resulting in molecular structures. In reality, it is spatial, temporal and spin relationships between electrons, each of which is unaware of itself and the relationships with each other. Dark matter also may have analogous affinities.

Under suitable external conditions, a molecular dynamic system consisting of two or more element-systems results in the creation of a fundamentally real and stable new unit of physicality, a new totality. For example, the dynamic natural law governing two atoms at certain energy levels can be explained by quantum chemical determination of the energy states of atoms and molecules. According to this law, every free system tends toward the highest order of stability by striving to reach the lowest possible energy state. If two negatively charged electrons from the visible matter can reach a configurationally stable combination in a philosophically sound atomic or molecular orbital, it is not beyond the realm of reason to postulate a similar atomic and molecular configuration for axions of the dark matter, via possibly gravitons and spins. Axions may be as diverse as ordinary atoms, with particles parallel to electron, proton and neutron. These may be respectively called Axion-e, Axion-p and Axion-n, with three different masses and Axion-e being the smallest. Like the electron, Axion-e may be a universal constituent present in plants, animals and humans, and conjugated to electrons. Axion-p bind to protons, but by genetic laws is present only in animals and humans, not in plants. Axion-n bind to neutrons and may be present only in humans. So, in humans the three Axions may form structures parallel to ordinary atoms. Perhaps gravitons or gravitinos may be involved, both negative and positive. Spin is another factor. These may have similar roles in axion atoms, as charge and spin in ordinary atoms.

The electron is in reality the biggest and an axion-e the smallest of particles with mass, for which the wave-particle dichotomy is applicable. Quantum numbers abound in atomic theory. They represent quantum possibilities of energy levels that emerge, and could be applicable to the dark matter also. As in ordinary matter, dark-atoms will have the principal quantum number n, which can take the values 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, ...n . Each n will have a principal energy level or a dark shell. Each shell will have n subshells. Each subshell has one or more orbitals within it; the s, p, d, f, g subshells have 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 orbitals respectively. The rules of placing axion-e within dark shells with nuclei made of axion-p and axion-n, may form the Dark Matter Aufbau principle and dark chemistries, yielding dark molecules, dark cells and dark bodies. Akin to the lighter ordinary atomic species, the lower Axion atoms, may have two main orbitals: the spherical orbitals or the s-orbital of the lowest energy levels (with the axion nucleus in the center), the dumbbell-shaped orbitals or p-orbitals of next higher energy levels (with the axion nucleus in the 'waist'). The rules of molecular structure, the directed valence bonds for each reactive atomic element, are natural laws governing conversion of simpler components into larger complexities. They could be applicable to axions also. The major difference is, while the wave-like properties of ordinary atoms or molecules can be ignored for most practical purposes, they are significant for all dark atoms and molecules, since they have relatively negligible masses. Mental states and material states will be both physical, if they are distinguished as extraordinary and ordinary material phenomena. The brain is then a many-particle system of neurons permeated by their axion counterparts, at an energy level which directly correlates with mental activity. Mental activity is co-produced by the visible brain and the invisible axion counterpart. It is more likely that the entire visible body, permeated by an invisible body of axions is involved in consciousness. Self-consciousness could be a product of mutually recognizing resonant structures. The restrictions of standard quantum mechanics are not relevant here, since the axion masses are negligibly small. If mental states are the primary objects of reference, the axion model shows explicatory features in a very subtle and refined manner.

The mental and material manifestations may inherit mutual correlations due to the fact that they are jointly caused by the visible body and the permeating invisible body, con-centering into a holistic hypostasis. There is the possibility of a direct causal interaction between mental and material domains. This scheme can explain the ubiquitous correlations between mental states and brain states, better than ordinary materialism. Mind Stuff

Why should consciousness exist at all? Can it occur in any and every type of material substance, or only in a specific kind of carbon-based molecular substrate? Are the properties of non-electric dark matter such as permeability, invisibility, suggestive of mentality? Where is the seat of consciousness? More specifically is its locus any part of the brain or is it endemic to the whole nervous system, or the whole body? What causes consciousness to oddly arise or emerge from, matter or its structural forms and mechanisms? What is its function in the general scheme of mental activity and behavior of an organism? Who or what can be termed a conscious being? What function does phylogeny play in mental states of living entities? Is a plant, or an animal or a robot conscious as a human? A versatile robot must be human! But it is not.

Why particular regions of brain are active during particular mental activities is still unknown. Emanation of mental states from material brain states, is not backed up by the results of any current neurobiology. There are conceptual ambiguities demanding clarification, concerning the continuous confusion of mental and material states (and their properties). If mental states are the primary objects of reference, the ordinary materialistic models shows very little explicatory features of the subtle mind. Stipulations abound on mind-matter relationship ranging from the Cartesian (Descartes, 2000) duality of a fundamental distinction at an elemental level of existence to mind as an epiphenomenon of an extremely complex and highly ordered material system called the brain (Popper and Eccles, 1977, Eccles, 1994; Chalmers, 1996, and Pauen, 2001). Quantum randomness is invoked, because conscious free choices are fussy in a perfectly deterministic world. But randomness is not conducive to volition and laws of statistics limit the quantum indeterminism of individual events. It is not reasonable to view mind-matter interactions in terms of causal relations in any theoretical frame work such as reduction, supervenience, emergence or quantum stipulations. (Kim, 1998; Stephan, 1999).

So far, all efforts to rescue ordinary materialism from the failure of reduction to elementary matter are fruitless. It cannot opt for the supernatural, or ontological metaphysics. Crafty schemes of epistemological autonomy go nowhere. The Ele/Mental problem relentlessly persists. How did elements become mental? If rocks develop any kind of consciousness, they will have concealed causal powers of mental states. Then, why is it that two rocks behave in an exemplarily consistent way all the time, and do not at least infrequently deviate from their consistent behavior? Complexity of organization has no intrinsic mental qualities and cannot be the elixir of phenomenal consciousness, since such complexities are universal and mind is not. Apparently, a universe devoid of a mind stuff' is necessarily incapable of carrying any phenomenal consciousness. On its own, matter howsoever brilliantly draped in holism, emergence, supervenience, quantum mystery, chaos and ordered complexity, cannot transform into thought. The human body, specifically the brain, is a physical system that naturally manifests intelligence, without offering any adequate causal explanation for it. It is pitifully true that most of the present theories of mind are equally valid and valuable even if the cranium contained only a plastic sponge instead of the brain. Ordinary matter shows no promise of giving rise to mental property anywhere, or an interspecies or intra-species gradient in mental capabilities. An extraordinary matter as the mind stuff is a viable option.

It must be noted that no part of any living system is materially constant, except its structural form. The cells are constantly changing by growth, decay and replacement of its constituent fundamental particles. The chemistry of these structures are in a constant state of flux. The actin filaments in dendrites need replacing within 40 seconds (Star et al, 2002). Every five days, the NMDA receptors are replaced (Shimizu et al, 2000). Activity level controls postsynaptic organization and signaling via the ubiquitin-proteasome system. The entire post-synaptic density (PSD) - the protein packed zone that powers synaptic activity - is replaced, molecule for molecule, almost by the hour ( Ehlers 2003). Myelin and RNA molecules are known to last months, and DNA is fairly stable, but they all need recurrent repairs and eventually all constituents particles are replaced regularly. This molecular chaos of ordinary matter, raises the issue of unity, wholeness, and stability of consciousness and demands an extraordinary substrate. The whole brain is recycled constantly, about every other month, synapses being the most active. Only their shapes are maintained. Their component macro molecules disintegrate within minutes of their formation, as revealed by fluorescent tagging. They cannot maintain a steady identity. The new particles cannot carry the old information (memories), but systemic loss of memories or Kaleidoscopic personalities are not the norm. Evidently, the mind substrate must be different from any electromagnetic field associated with the molecules. A new kind of quantum physical substrate seems lurking in the dark with vague properties. What could be more appropriate than the extra ordinary dark matter as this mind stuff?

The neuronal assembly activated by external stimuli make the encoded content accessible to the dark counterparts. The activation leads to excited states with a finite lifetime and enables a conscious recollection of the content encoded in the axion ground state. Stuart et al. (1978, 1979) report detailed investigations of the stability of such states and the role of external stimuli. Vitiello (1995) describes a doubling of the collective modes of the system by its interaction with the environment. Axion counterparts of neurons in their natural states are not the classical thermal systems of charge carrying particles. They permeate the ordinary neurons and could be in highly ordered quantum states which are capable of coherent activity in neuronal assemblies. Coherent neuronal assemblies correlated to axion states could provide conscious states. Infinitely different coded axion states can result, offering the possibility of large thought processes and memory contents without overwriting. Ordinary matter with dark matter offer a viable physical dualism.

Dual-aspect approaches have a long history with beginnings in the distant antiquity. They view mental and material domains of reality as belonging to one underlying ontic reality of undifferentiated mind and matter, compared to the epistemological framework of the distinction between mind and matter. Quantum mechanical variations of this theme have been proposed by Jung and Pauli (1955); Meier (2001); Atmanspacher and Primas (1996) and by Bohm (1990); Bohm and Hiley (1993); Hiley (2001). Bohm and Hiley introduced implicate and explicate order to reflect the distinction between ontic and epistemic domains. Active information in implicate order informs the epistemic explicate order of mind and matter. The term information is used sometimes in the usual Shannon-type epistemic way and at other times as ontic and psychophysically neutral. The epistemic/ontic distinction refers to the distinction between a local reality of empirical facts obtained from classical measuring instruments and a holistic reality of entangled systems (Atmanspacher and Primas, 2003).

Pauli and Jung intuitively represented the distinction between epistemic and ontic domains of material reality as due to quantum phenomena connected by the process of measurement involving consciousness of observers. Jung's depth psychology view these two domains as connected by a process of emergence of conscious mental states from the unconscious, analogous to physical measurement, but includes a universal collective component consisting of the so-called archetypes. They constitute the psychophysically neutral level covering both the collective unconscious and the holistic reality of quantum theory. They order the psychical and physical manifestations in the epistemically distinguished domains of mind and matter, thus mixing epistemically dualistic and ontically monistic approaches. There is a causal relationship (in the sense of formal rather than efficient causation) between the psychophysically neutral, monistic level and the epistemically defined mental and material domains. Physicist Pauli and Psychologist Jung identifies this kind of causation as the ordering operation of archetypes in the collective unconscious.Relation between mind and matter is usually treated either at an epistemological or ontological level. Correlations are usually descriptive with empirical weight, while causation requires ontological theories to explain correlations. Causation entails correlations between cause and effect, but the converse is not always true. Correlations between two systems can have a common cause in their thread and not necessarily a direct causal relation. Basic sciences logically consider causal relations in terms of interactions. Physics recognizes four fundamental kinds of interactions (electromagnetic, weak, strong and gravitational) to explain the correlations in physical systems. However, mind-matter relation is much more complex, since empirical correlations between material and mental states now available are meager. These are not causal explications, only epistemological descriptions trying to salvage materialistic explanatory autonomy from the clutch of ontological reality. Science has a better alternative in terms of extraordinary matter.Extraordinary Materialism

Our present understanding of ordinary physical reality requires mind to be non-physical. Eccles rejected Descartes' notion of mind as a substance. How else can the self control its brain? He suggested a dualistic interaction system that relates to the two co-existent and parallel worlds of Popper (1959, 1977, 1995), where each is independent of the other for its existence and functions. Eccles anchored self to brain states, specifically the physiology of ultra-micro synapses. If each of these two worlds are made of ordinary matter and dark matter respectively, a theory of visible and invisible material systems that are ontologically independent of each other can be developed. The incorporation of the extraordinary physicality of dark matter components corresponding to electrons, protons and neutrons, into the living biosphere of the Newtonian world, will constitute an interiority that invisibly and immaterially permeate everything visible and material. This interiority counters Bohm’s active information of the pilot wave as seat of consciousness. With a dark matter Aufbau in place, reality can be approached with a rich, logical frame work of ontology. Metaphysical abstractions can be replaced with actual physical theories. Physical being can be restored to its ontological status. Physicalism which is often synonymous with Materialism will then be fully meaningful. Ontology will be rescued from metaphysics into a physical realism. Creativity, awareness and self-awareness will be attributed to extraordinary natural elements permeating those that sustain determinism and the static. Heraclitus is right to state that "one cannot step twice into the same river", only if dark matter is excluded. Or else, it is only a half-truth. A non-electric permanent dark body, coupled parallel to the visible one, can become the stable repository of all events including thoughts. This will offer a consistent formal framework toward a novel dual-aspect quantum scheme based on the distinction between tenseless axion time and tensed ordinary time. Dark matter could be the missing link to a fundamental descriptor of reality.

The shortest distance now measurable in physics is of the order of 10^-16 cm and Planck’s unit is of the order of 10^-33 cm which is the shortest possible length where current concepts of space-time are relevant. The range of scale in between is so vast that that it can accommodate almost limitless number of undetected structures including Bohm’s Pilot Waves which could very well be the theoretical Axions which lie toward the low end of that range, a tiny mass smaller than the electron mass divided by1 followed by 38 zeroes. Axions predicted by GUT are about 10^-5 eV or 2x10^-38 grams. No axion particle has been detected so far [see http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/astro-ph/9801286]. Bohm suggests that there is enough scale between the electron scale and the Planck scale that an electron can be very complex and possess a pilot wave. He attributes to electron an elementary sort of the will and consciousness to follow guidance, like an airplane following a beacon. This avant-garde notion is beyond the idea of Cooper-pairs in a superconductor which sense steer around all the atoms without loss of energy, or Bose Einstein Condensates (BEC) adjusting instantly to environmental changes, and possessing non-locality.

The properties of the axion are basically set by its mass. The larger the axion mass, the more strongly the axion is coupled to protons, neutrons and electrons. The axion/brain coupling is quite clear-cut. Thought patterns are waves in the axion condensate. Electrons merely follow their guidance. Parallel dark mater counterparts of the neuronal assemblies are better candidates for neuronal correlates of mind than quantum waves. Due to relatively negligible masses, their wave properties are significant. A dark matter body permeating the visible body, atom by atom, is less problematic and more pragmatic than any other hybrid ontology of ordinary materialism. Father Jerome [http://go.to/QUFD] gives a metaphysical model that explicitly have consciousness existing in an axion BEC, replacing Bohm’s pilot waves.

Axions may have an intrinsic genetically governed cognitive property C, with values like the electrical charge on proton, electron and the zero charge on neutron. The The human genetic codes on the dark genes recognize all the three axions. These not only permeate the electrons, protons and neutrons, but are entangled with them and between the axions themselves. They form axion-atoms, axion molecules, axion cells and an axion body. The lower animal genetic code recognize only axion-e and axion-p and no axion atomic or molecular structures result. The plant genetic code recognizes only axion-e and here also no axion chemistry can occur. The unknown dark energy may be the source of the mediating force between axions and the fermions of the biosphere.

Penfield (1975), the pioneer in brain surgery, after a lifetime of research insisted that the human consciousness definitely does not originate anywhere in the brain. Quantum theory will not rescue ordinary materialism from mysticism, extraordinary physicalism will. That involves dark matter and possibly dark chemistry. Aside from the intriguing questions germane to this theme, it is useful to examine the appropriateness of incorporating the parallel participation of both visible and invisible matter, that demonstrates a real supervenient relationship. Just like a real chemical system (and less easily a biological system) can supervene on a real physical system, a real invisible axion system of mental states can permeate and supervene the corresponding visible physical system. It is not properties of complex systems of ordinary matter that supervene, but one kind of physicality (non-electric and invisible) supervenes on another kind (electric and visible).

Information initiated by the release of transmitters in the presynaptic terminal, flow between neurons in chemical synapses (Exocytosis). An incoming nerve impulse is rather too small to trigger this. So, thermodynamics or quantum mechanics is applied to statistically describe the trigger mechanism. At room temperature, energies higher than 10-2 eV are needed to distinguished quantum processes from thermal processes. An effective mass below 10 electron masses is sufficient to ensure that quantum processes prevail over thermal processes, over a length of several nanometers, which is typical for biological micro sites. The trigger mechanism of Beck and Eccles (1992) is based on the quantum concept of quasi-particles which reflect the particle aspect of a collective mode. It involves tunneling processes of two-state quasi-particles, resulting in state collapses. The probability of exocytosis is calculated to be in the range of 0 to 0.7, in agreement with empirical observations. The basically indeterministic nature of individual quantum state collapse is supposed to give brain states their volitional powers, but the volition itself is made neurally efficient by temporarily increasing the probability of exocytosis.

Axions could very well be these quasi particles. The upper limit of the time scale of such processes in the quantum regime is of the order of 10-12 sec. This is significantly shorter than the time scale of cellular processes, which is 10-9 sec and longer. The sensible difference between the two time scales makes it possible to treat the corresponding processes as decoupled from one another. Substituting axions for the quasi particles does not change this outline of treating brain processes from a quantum theoretical point of view. However, it is not the quantum trigger alone for exocytosis that is relevant for conscious mental states, but also the axion matrix which provides the physical substrate for mental causation. The wave-like properties of axion atoms and molecules are significant since their masses are less than the electron mass. There is a constancy and stability of wave forms associated with the invisible axion counterparts of the single synapses of the visible brain. This solves the problem of attaining ordered patterns at the level of neuronal assemblies from fundamentally random processes of single synapses. It is needless to invoke quantum stochastic resonance and then in desperation conclude that “ science cannot, by its very nature, present any answer to questions related to mind” (Beck 2001, pp 109f). Axions of the dark matter give an extraordinary material approach to biophysical mind matter interactions.

Axion atoms relevant to life may be very reactive, and made of the three different flavors: a positive particle of negative half-integer spin (Axion-p); a neutral particle of negative half integer spin (Axion-n); a negative particle of positive half-integer spin (Axion-e). In the biosphere, these three Axions permeate and couple with protons, neutrons and electrons respectively. The coupling of the different axions to their counterparts in the ordinary molecules of the living biosphere is governed by the genetic information code. The plant genetics allow only the coupling of Axion-e to electrons, the animal genetics permit an additional Axion-p coupling to protons, and the human genetics allow for the coupling of the additional flovor of axion-n to neutrons. The three axions coupled to the human body will recombine to axion atoms corresponding to those with which they are entangled in the human body. No such recombination information is genetically encoded in plants and animals. There are no invisible rocks or trees or animals, because their basic structural units are not intrinsically coded to have all the three axions. The invisible human body made of the dark atoms consisting of all the three axions is entangled with their corresponding visible atoms.

For all we know now, mind and body are two mutually interacting entities. If mind is a mere form or property of matter, with no mass, no energy, it cannot interface with the body. Neuronal integration/differentiation of stimulus/response signals can only describe what brain does. The issue on hand is ontological, what mind is. It cannot be just a bunch of bosons and fermions of ordinary matter. Why should the human mind be different from that of a plant or a beast which all have very similar or identical processes and structures including DNA? Why should it be different from the mind of a rock? The bosons/fermions are identical ubiquitously. There is a perceptible functional division between mind and body. A similar division of a substance from its form or property is as unfeasible as separating sweetness from sugar. It would appear, what is needed is a real physical, non-baryonic, substrate of mind matter made of sub-atomic particles of negligible individual rest-mass. A non-electric substrate made of subatomic components of dark matter with appropriate spin and mass (infinitesimal) may be what constitutes mind.

Autopoiesis of cells suggests an informed substrate, a common stuff of life, coded for self-organization. The phylogenic diversity with conspicuously different sensory, perceptual and cognitive abilities, in spite of very similar genes of living systems from the smallest microbe to the largest plants and vertebrates, is suggestive of different compositions of the substrate for different species. The semiotics of the visible and corresponding invisible but material structural forms coupled to each other physically may also offer a possible understanding of mind, without requiring a numinous dimension. Just as sentience has a visible well organized complex substrate of ordinary matter, mind also has an equivalent invisible complex substrate of extraordinary matter. They both being derived from a common primary potential may be coupled to each other through gravitons, spins, as well as entangled to recognize each other permanently.

Most of the useful properties of substances in general can be attributed to their electron configurations. However, that does not provide an adequate reason to attribute mental properties to electrons. Principles of quantum mechanics which exclusively deal with conjugate pairs of physical properties (momentum, position etc) cannot be causative factors of mental or social phenomena ( free will, consciousness, dream, behavior etc). So also, Relativity should not be forced into Socialogical and Psychological studies, without reference to the Absolutes of Relativity. The velocity of light in vacuum is an Absolute. Light is the same yesterday, today and for as long as it exists. What are the Absolutes for Psycho-Social sciences? Biology can only speculate on the mysterious complexity of molecular and electrical transmission of nerve signals. Studies and investigations into how signals and messages have meaning and convey information seem to imply that our very thoughts have an invisible physical essence. It is invisible in the sense that no one has ever managed to grasp a thought in a petri-dish, as one might if it were an ordinary physical substance. Our experience seems to be some sort of physical modeling of something dark whose characteristics are probably not directly discernible. An extraordinary stuff seems to exist as the ontological source of matter-based subjectivity.

Mental states are invisible. Yet they exist in the physical realm. They are coupled to a visible physical body. So these states, though invisible, must be physical. They cannot be a metaphysical abstraction, or an uncanny, non-material phantom that mysteriously submerge as some unknown neural correlates or suddenly emerge or supervene as some epiphenomena. Only physical things can supervene on or emerge from the physical. They are actual stable physical states. In fact, a three tier trierarchy of sensorium, awareness and awareness of awareness in humans has to be explained. They manifest as senses, intelligence and consciousness. Animals exhibit only senses and intelligence reflecting a bi-level order and plants have a single sentient level of some sort of sensory existence. If this extraordinary physicality is akin to ordinary matter made of electrons, protons and neutrons, it must also be constituted of three different particles. These extra ordinary particles may be tentatively called emotons, psychons and neumatons (Benjamin 2003). Dark Matter Ontology

As early as the 6th century B.C. Thales and Anaximander in Miletus, introduced a rationalistic approach, instead of mythical accounts, to explain reality. The atomism of Leucippus and Democritus in 5th century B.C. and Aristotle’s metaphysics also imply material substance as the fundamental constituent of reality. Concepts of substance as reality also emerged as a result of the Newtonian view of a deterministic cosmology with clock-like precision. Basic to the understanding of any material process is a quantum theoretical view of ordinary matter.

None of these views could envision a non-electromagnetic dark matter component. It is within the realm of present knowledge to add the extraordinary dark matter also in any materialistic comprehension of reality. When dark chemistry is also allowed, reduction to a ‘ball-and-stick’ chemical scheme at some limit, will better explain life processes including the elusive mind, than ordinary matter with the unitary time evolution of quantum processes of a matter-wave duality. An invisible machine of non-luminous matter, functioning parallel to the visible and in resonance with it will provide sufficient explanatory resources to account for all aspects of the invisible sentient processes, including mind. Thoughts become encoded parallel changes in the invisible neuron configurations. Awareness results from the interaction between the dark and the visible parts. Self-awareness arises from a dynamic process involving mutually recognizable entangled structures in resonance between the visible body and the physical invisible body parallel to it. Recognition is awareness.

The dark matter body will stand in for the Platonic reality for the non-algorithmic (non-computable) elementary acts of consciousness which may be neurophysiologically realized as gravitation-induced Objective Reduction of coherent superposition states in microtubuli (Penrose 1989, 1994, Secs 7.8 and 7.10; Hameroff and Penrose, 1996). It will also explain some of the “gaps in Penrose's toilings” cited by Grush and Churchland (1995). What Bohm (1990) introduced, in effect, as a real quantum mind stuff in the form of smart electrons sensing active information of pilot waves, could be easily replaced by the dark body. Stapp’shybridizaion of “ idea-like and matter-like qualities” into an ontology of “two complementary and simultaneous modes of evolution” (Stapp, 1999, p. 159), is better explained in terms of permeation of dark matter body with its ordinary counterpart.

A substance ontology is capable of providing adequate physical underpinnings for a comprehensive theory of mind and mental processes, if we conjugate the luminous body with its parallel non-luminous counterpart. The luminous matter confirms the processes of becoming, and the more permanent non-electric dark matter corroborates the being. We can then examine the ontological status of ordinary molecules coupled to dark matter molecules and lay the groundwork for a conceptual framework which draws on a natural, mutually reinforcing quantum relationship between ordinary and dark matter chemistries. That leads to an intriguing concept of an invisible molecular physicality coupled to the visible, akin to mind coupled to the body. This is a powerful metaphor to model the science and philosophy about mental states, permitting to identify them with creative changes involving resonant molecular states of both visible and invisible matter.

Plant, animal and human levels of sentience are apparent in the in the biosphere. The plant sentience is somatic made of axion-e coupled to electron of the plant cells. The animal sentience is somatic plus zoic with axion-e and axion-p coupled respectively to electron and proton of animal cells. Human sentience is somatic, psychic and pneumatic with axion-e, axion-p and axion-n respectively coupled to electron, proton and neumaton of human cells. Human mind then is an invisible bio-system of dark matter molecules parallel to the visible scheme of ordinary fundamental particles. A relational and holistic theory of mind can be advanced emphasizing an axion matrix in resonance with the visible body. They interact with each other along the visible molecular reaction coordinates. Stimulus dependent transformation of visible processes of neuronal activities into thoughts, is then seen to be the outworking through time of the inherent dark-chemical potential. This is a dynamic unity of diversities. Corresponding configurations of ordinary matter and dark matter are in resonance with each other, with the possibility of one recognizing the other.

Dark matter processes are existentially fundamental just as those of the visible substance. It offers a dynamic picture of reality in which the basic unit-events in space-time are not vacuous, but can develop a subjective nature through various physical mechanisms such as non-locality, resonance, replication, storage, retrieval, entanglement etc. The physical processes allows attributes that might be labeled cognition, memory, creativity, awareness, and self awareness. What Whitehead (1978) calls prehension, is parallel computing and resonance between the luminous and the non-luminous bodies. Life is characterized by the co-creativities of visible and invisible physical processes. Reality is a resonant dynamism of parallel processes. This is a genetically active, self-determining substrate that creates a subject-object distinction in a temporal dimension. The self begins at conception as a DNA-governed matter/dark matter resonant process. Experience emerges via resonance states that recognize each other. Recognition is consciousness. This processes is neuronally transduced into thoughts, subjectivities and memories, that can be stored permanently and retrieved repeatedly from the non-electric, non-recycling parallel brain.

Complex objects exist as actual things that stimulate responses in the luminous sensorium. Parallel events occur also in the corresponding non-luminous bodies. These occasions are processes which possess a defining subject-object unity, resulting from the resonance bonds between them. They are reciprocal ‘actions’ of the resonant constituents of the visible-invisible matrix. The entities in resonance act on each other communally, capable of modifying each other in some details by the entangled association. The unity between the entities of increasing orders of interrelated complexities is more like the summation of fields into a single field than that of a collective whole. It transcends the sum total of all the constituents, yet a single totality, a whole substance reality. The parallel dynamic dark matter body of axions explains the existential argument that we can only rightly understand the physical reality around us as a correlation with our own subjectivity that we invisibly experience, allowing a link between experience and consciousness.

Process thoughts, by and large, incorporate the views of nested or concentric elements of reality (Rescher 2000), similar to the ideas of Holon (Koestler, 1967) and Holoarchy (Wilbur, 2000). A dark matter body is a complete totality pervading another complete totality to which it is constantly coupled as a parallel constituent part, thus forming a dynamic relational set. Efficient causation alone is fundamentally insufficient to explain the phenomena of consciousness in ordinary matter. Relationships between ordinary constituents are crucial, but by themselves alone, not causal for consciousness. More importantly the parallel dark constituents enable coherence via closure of these sets of ordinary relationships. One set of temporary electric relationships in the visible substrate closes into a permanent-level set of non-electric relationships in the invisible substrate.

Science, and technology reckon structure as the formal cause resulting from efficient causes. The reverse is often the case, i.e. formal causes produce efficient causes. Dark matter structures as formal cause of an event determine which of the many possibly efficient factors are actually effective. Qualia related subjective experience, not necessarily consciousness, could be purely structural phenomena involving certain axion components. "Consciousness presupposes experience, and not experience consciousness" (Whitehead 1978 [1929], p. 53). Consciousness is a higher order subjectivity, caused by processes of resonance and entanglement between two complete totalities in parallel, one dark and the other visible. Just as the visible is made of electrons, protons and neutrons, the invisible is made of axion-e, axion-p and axion-n. The dark body wholly permeates the visible and is coupled to it, forming a single whole of two wholes. Unlike ordinary particles, the mass of each axion unit and the whole dark body itself is so small that their wave lengths are significantly large. However, the dark counterparts of these living single synapses have such low masses that they are a wave-continuum of the entire dark brain and dark body. They cannot have the frivolities of the visible ordinary single synapses.

Kant’s noumena, things-in-themselves as ultimate reality, exist independent of perception and experience and are beyond detection. They are distinct from phenomena, products of subjectivity, sensible mental intuitions, the things-as-they-appear to the senses, including space and time. Constructivism argues that noumena do not exist and the universe is only phenomena (mental). All this makes Science good for nothing, except for some exciting feelings. For empiricist David Hume, noumenon is meaningless metaphysics. The dark matter and its dark chemistry clarify these subject-object ambiguities. The objects are real.

Suggested ExperimentLet Fp, Fa, Fh be the invisible physical fields for plants, animals and humans respectively. If they are instrumental in effecting the obvious differences (phylogenic) in consciousness and mental powers of plants, animals and humans, they must be coupled physically to the ordinary matter of sentient systems. They may be decoupled in very high magnetic fields producing measurable decoupling signals. Or when they are decoupled via instant death by toxins or electricity or ultraviolet or gamma rays, the decoupling signals may be detected in suitable electromagnetic (EM) fields. Three separate standardized Petri dishes containing the same number of adult human, animal and plant stem cells will be observed before and after the decoupling. Any measurable EM signals will be in the ratio 1:2:3 or

1:2^2:3^3 for human, animal and plant cells, indicating all the three dark matter particles coupled to ordinary particles in the human cells. Conclusion

The present motivation to incorporate dark matter to the study of consciousness comes from the recognition of the necessity of an ontic rather than an epistemic explanation of mind. The dark matter we are proposing is not some nebulous metaphysical entity, but real, physical, discrete charge-less axion prticles as diverse, dynamic and creative as electrons, protons and neutrons of the visible ordinary matter. The ontic randomness of quantum events is inadequate to provide space for mental causation- the possibility that mental acts can influence brain processes. Most approaches to mind body problem based on ordinary matter exceeds the frontiers of present quantum theories and are highly speculative. Equating the activity of neuronal assemblies as the neural correlates of mental representations, offers no conceptual distinction between brain states and mental states, nor any sound formal framework or concrete empirical scenarios for mind-brain correlations, nor any explanation for the absence of panpsychism. Dark- matter entanglement with the visible matter is independent of state reduction. This offers a fundamentally holistic, psychophysically neutral level of reality from which correlated mental and material domains emerge. The problem of the activities of single synapses that confound the dynamics of neural assemblies do not exist in the dark counterparts, because axion bodies have such low masses that they are a wave-continuum permeating the entire dark body. The vagaries of the visible single synapses are thus absent in their dark counterparts, offering a more favorable substrate for mind.

REFERENCES

Ahn, J, Weinacht, T.C. ,and P.H. Bucksbaum, Quantum information storage and retrieval

in Rydberg wave packets.Science 287, 463 (2000)

Armstrong, David M. 1968. A Materialist Theory of the Mind. New York: Humanities.

Atmanspacher, H., and Primas, H. (1996). The hidden side of Wolfgang Pauli.

Journal of Consciousness Studies 3, 112-126. See also H. Atmanspacher, H.

Primas, and E. Wertenschlag-Birkhäuser, eds (1995). Der Pauli-Jung-Dialog.

Springer, Berlin.

Atmanspacher, H. (1997). Cartesian cut, Heisenberg cut, and the concept of

complexity. World Futures 49, 333-355.

Atmanspacher, H., and Primas, H. (2003). Epistemic and ontic quantum

realities. In Time, Quantum and Information, ed. by L. Castell and O.

Ischebeck, Springer, Berlin, pp. 301-321.

Beck, F., and Eccles, J. (1992). Quantum aspects of brain activity and the

role of consciousness. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the

USA 89, 11357-11361.

Beck, F. (2001). Quantum brain dynamics and consciousness. In The Physical

Nature of Consciousness, ed. by P. van Loocke, Benjamins, Amsterdam, pp.

83-116.

Benjamin, Philip. Mind Matter, The Noetic Journal, vol. 4 No 4, October, 2003

Bohm, David. (1990). A new theory of the relationship of mind and matter.

Philosophical Psychology 3, No. 2, 271-286. Bohm, D., and Hiley, B.J. (1993). The

Undivided Universe, Routledge, London.

http://members.aol.com/Mszlazak/BOHM.html

Bloch, I., (2005) Nature Phys. 1, 23-30 (2005)

Chalko, Thomas J., NU Journal of Discovery Vol 2, March 2001, http://nujournal.net/,

Natural Uni 2001, http://naturaluniversity.net/

Chalmers, D. (1996). The Conscious Mind. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Descartes, René., Philosophical Essays and Correspondence, ed. by Roger Ariew

(Hackett, 2000)

Eccles, J. C., Proc. Roy. Soc. 227B, 411-428 (1986)

Eccles, J. C. (1990). A unitary hypothesis of mind-brain interaction in the cerebral cortex,

Proc. Roy. Soc. London B 240, 433-451.

Eccles, J. C. (1994). How the Self Controls its Brain. Berlin: Springer-Verlag

Ehlers, M.D., (2003), Nature Neurosci. 6:231-242.

Fallani, L et al (2006) Feshbach, H., Ann. Phys. 5, 357 (1958)

QUANTUM PHYSICS: ON COUPLING OF MUTUALLY REPULSIVE ATOMS
L. Fallani and M. Inguscio (Nature 2006 441:820) Quantum Physics on Coupling of Mutually Repulsive Atoms

Gell-Mann, Murray and Zweig, George 1964

Grush, R., and Churchland, P.S. (1995). Gaps in Penrose's toilings. Journal of

Consciousness Studies 2(1), 10-29. Response by Penrose, R., and

Hameroff, S. (1995). Journal of Consciousness Studies 2(2), 98-111.

Hameroff, Stuart, (1996), Conscious Events as Orchestrated Space-time Selections

Journal of Consciousness Studies, 3(1):36-53 (1996)

Hameroff, Stuart & Rogr Penrose (1996) Orchestrated Reduction of Quantum Coherence

in Brain Microtubules: A Model for Consciousness. Stuart Hameroff & Roger Penrose,

In: Toward a Science of Consciousness - The First Tucson Discussions and Debates,

eds. Hameroff, S.R.,

Hepp, K. (1999). Toward the demolition of a computational quantum brain. In Quantum

Future, ed. by P. Blanchard and A. Jadczyk, Springer, Berlin, pp. 92-104

Hiley, B.J. (2001). Non-commutative geometry, the Bohm interpretation and the

mind-matter relationship. In Computing Anticipatory Systems - CASYS 2000, ed.

by D. Dubois, Springer, Berlin, pp. 77-88.

Hjørland, 2002 Hjørland, B. (2002), Epistemology and the Socio-Cognitive Perspective in

Information Science. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and

Technology, 53(4), 257-270.

Hu, Wayne, Rennan Barkana, Andrei Gruzinov, Cold & Fuzzy dark Matter Phys. Rev.

Letters, 85, 1158 (2000) astro-ph/0003365

Jibu, M., and Yasue, K. (1995). Quantum Brain Dynamics and Consciousness,

Benjamins, Amsterdam

Jung, C.G., and Pauli, W. (1955). The Interpretation of Nature and the Psyche.

Pantheon, New York. Translated by P. Silz. German original Naturerklärung und

Psyche. Rascher, Zürich, 1952.

Kim, J. (1998). Mind in a Physical World. MIT Press, Cambridge Ma.

Karpatschof, B. (2000). Human activity. Contributions to the Anthropological Sciences

from a Perspective of Activity Theory. Copenhagen: Dansk Psykologisk Forlag. ISBN:

87 7706 311 2

Koestler, Arthur in "The Ghost in the Machine" (1967) and was presented again at the

Alpbach Symposium (1968) in a paper titled: "Beyond Atomism and Holism - the

concept of the holon".
Malekin and Yarrow, 1997 Malekin, Peter, and Ralph Yarrow. Consciousness, Literature and Theatre: Theory and Beyond. London: Macmillan, 1997.

Meier, C.A., ed. (2001). Atom and Archetype: The Pauli/Jung Letters 1932-1958.

Princeton University Press, Princeton. Translated by D. Roscoe. German

original Wolfgang Pauli und C.G. Jung: ein Briefwechsel. Springer, Berlin,

1992.

Meyer,D.A., Kwiat,P.G, Hughes,R.J., Bucksbaum,P.H., Ahn,J., Weinacht,T.C., Does

Rydberg State Manipulation Equal Quantum Computation?. Science, 289, 1431 (2000).

Moser & Trout, (1995) Moser, P. K. & Trout, J. D. (1995). Contemporary Materialism. A Reader. London & New York: Routledge.

Pauen, M. (2001). Grundprobleme der Philosophie des Geistes. Fischer, Frankfurt.

Penfield, Wilder (1975).,The Mystery of the Mind (Princeton: Princeton University Press,

p. xiii. Wilder Penfield, The Physical Basis of Mind, ed. P. Laslett (Oxford: Basil

Blackwell, 1950), p. 64.

Penrose, R. (1989). The Emperor's New Mind. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Penrose, R. (1994). Shadows of the Mind. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Pessa, E., and Vitiello, G. (2003). Quantum noise, entanglement and chaos in

the quantum field theory of mind/brain states. Mind and Matter 1, 59-79.

Popper, K. R. (1959). The Logic of Scientific Discovery. London: Hutchinson.

Popper, K. R., and Eccles, J. C. (1977). The Self and Its Brain. (Springer, Berlin,

Heidelberg).

Hameroff, S.R., and Penrose, R. (1996). Conscious events as orchestrated

spacetime selections. Journal of Consciousness Studies 3(1), 36-53.

Jibu, M., and Yasue, K. (1995). Quantum Brain Dynamics and Consciousness.

Benjamins, Amsterdam.

Rescher, N. 2000, Process Philosophy – A Survey of Basic Issues, pp. 30-32, University

of Pittsburgh Press, Pitssburgh, PA.

Ricciardi, L.M., and Umezawa, H. (1967). Brain and physics of many-body

problems. Kybernetik 4, 44-48.

Shimizu, E., Y.-P. Tang, C. Rampon, J. Z. Tsien, Science 290, 1170 (2000).

Skrbina, D. (2003). Panpsychism in Western philosophy. Journal of

Consciousness Studies 10(3), 4-46.

Smart, J.J.C. (1963). Philosophy and Scientific Realism. Routledge & Kegan

Paul, London.

Stapp, H.P. (1993). A quantum theory of the mind-brain interface. In Mind,

Matter, and Quantum Mechanics, Springer, Berlin, pp. 145-172.

Stapp, H.P. (1999). Attention, intention, and will in quantum physics. Journal

of Consciousness Studies 6(8/9), 143-164.

Star, E. N., Kwiatkowski, D. J. & Murthy, V. N. (2002) Rapid turnover of actin in

dendritic spines and its regulation by activity. Nature Neuroscience. 5, 239-246.

Stephan, A. (1999). Emergenz. Dresden University Press, Dresden.

Stuart, C.I.J., Takahashi, Y., and Umezawa, H. (1978). On the stability and

non-local properties of memory. Journal of Theoretical Biology 71, 605-618.

Stuart, C.I.J., Takahashi, Y., and Umezawa, H. (1979). Mixed system brain

dynamics: neural memory as a macroscopic ordered state. Foundations of Physics

9, 301-327.

Kaszniak, A.W. and Scott, A.C., Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp. 507-540 (1996)

Vitiello, G. (1995). Dissipation and memory capacity in the quantum brain

model. International Journal of Modern Physics B 9, 973-989.

Vitiello, G. (2001). My Double Unveiled. Benjamins, Amsterdam.

Vitiello, G. (2002). No Matter, Never Mind: Dissipative quantum brain dynamics, eds.

K. Yasue, M. Jibu and T. Della Senta, Benjamins, Amsterdam, pp. 43-61.

Whitehead, A.N. (1978). Process and Reality. Free Press, New York.

Wilber, K., 2000 p 17; A Brief History of Everything, rev. edn, Shambhala, Boston, MA.).

Winkler, K. et al. (2006), Nature 441, 853-856